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Hindu–Arabic numeral system
The Hindu numeral system,〔(Collier's encyclopedia, with bibliography and index ) William Darrach Halsey, Emanuel Friedman - 1983. "When the Arabian empire was expanding and contact was made with India, the Hindu numeral system and the early algorithms were adopted by the Arabs"〕 or Hindu–Arabic numeral system〔David Eugene Smith and Louis Charles Karpinski, (The Hindu–Arabic Numerals ), 1911〕 a positional decimal numeral system, is the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world. It was invented between the 1st and 4th centuries by Indian mathematicians. The system was adopted by Persian mathematicians (Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī's c. 825 book ''On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals'') and Arab mathematicians (Al-Kindi's c. 830 volumes ''On the Use of the Hindu Numerals'') by the 9th century. It later spread to medieval Europe by the High Middle Ages.
The system is based upon ten (originally nine) different glyphs. The symbols (glyphs) used to represent the system are in principle independent of the system itself. The glyphs in actual use are descended from Brahmi numerals and have split into various typographical variants since the Middle Ages.
These symbol sets can be divided into three main families: Hindu numerals used in the Indian subcontinent, the Eastern Arabic numerals used in Egypt and the Middle East and the Arabic numerals used in the Greater Maghreb and in Europe.
==Etymology==
The Hindu-Arabic numerals were invented by mathematicians in India. They were called "Hindu numerals". They were later called "Arabic" numerals by Europeans, because they were introduced in the West by Arab merchants.
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